《风景园林》2021-12刊首语 | 郑曦：国土空间生态修复

全文刊登于《风景园林》2021年第12期 P6-7

国土空间生态修复

Territorial Ecological Restoration

“离堆”原是玉垒山伸向岷江的余脉，李冰父子修都江堰时，对地形和水情做了实地勘察，决定凿穿玉垒山引水，不仅可以减少外江的流量，使江水不再泛滥，同时引水入旱区灌溉农田，开凿渠因形似瓶口且功能独特，取名宝瓶口，是控制内江进水的“咽喉”。都江堰渠首工程主要由鱼嘴、飞沙堰、宝瓶口构成。宝瓶口起“节制闸”作用，能自动控制内江进水量。位于宝瓶口右侧的小山丘，因与玉垒山山体相离，故名“离堆”。从“离堆”仰望玉垒山，斗犀亭矗立其上；经玉垒关到二王庙，临岷江依山就势，叠落而筑，远近风光十分绮丽。二王庙入口刻有“深掏滩，低作堰”“具湾截角，逢正抽心”的治水要诀；庙门照壁上绘有“膏流千古”都江堰水利灌溉区域图，描绘了都江堰灌区从2 000多年前的渠首工程到八大灌区形成的纵横交错的扇形灌溉网，展现了凿山引水、顺应自然的理水智慧和巧夺天工、名景胜迹的宏大气势。

都江堰工程化自然灾害为生态福祉，塑造了成都平原沃野千里、田连仟佰的国土风貌，生动诠释了“乘势利导、因时制宜”的传统智慧，成为借助适度持久的人工干预塑造人与自然和谐关系的典范。凿山而成的“离堆”也体现出“人工之美入天然，故能奇”的营造策略，成为灌阳十景之“离堆锁峡”。

国土空间生态修复，修复到什么程度？破损的生态系统如何通过修复来重塑其利于可持续人居、维系韧性安全的功能？生态系统总是在应对不断变化的环境，处于动态稳定状态，例如，火灾是生态系统周期性调节的一部分，全球气候变化也正在使生物群落发生变化等。我们需要秉持一种开放的态度，以动态的思维方式理解生态修复，任何修复项目都应尽可能适应当前不断变化的环境条件，而并非一定要修复到其“最初”的状态，即便如约翰·缪尔（John Muir）抵达优胜美地山谷（Yosemite Valley）时眼中的“荒野”，实际上已经由该地区的土著人管理了多个世纪，他们在这里摄取食物、举行仪式，并通过本土方式应对火灾等自然灾害以保障安全。

风景园林师具有协调人工与自然关系的知识体系与专业能力，能够更加综合地结合自然与人文进行生态修复，研究领域涵盖了从具有历史和生态原真性的近自然景观，到需要广泛管理及维持的人工干预景观，这为建立可持续的、多产的、造福人类的生态环境提供了更全面的视野，能够在多尺度、多学科生态修复项目中扮演“协调人”的角色。风景园林师的首要任务是“阅读、翻译”，既要持续加深对当地知识和传统生态智慧的了解，同时将国土空间呈现的景观以及生态系统进行解译。面对自然生态系统退化、生物多样性丧失、土地荒漠化等全球生态问题，国土空间生态修复需要站在人与自然生命共同体的高度，思考、设计和实践未来生态保护修复的路径，并结合当代的科学技术和社会文化需求进行合理的人工干预，利用基于自然的解决方案，精妙地介入乡村、郊野和更大范围的国土空间生态修复行动，重新构建人与自然相互适应、和谐共生的平衡关系，以达到“自成天然之趣，不烦人事之工”的效果。

“Lidui” Hill was originally the stretching branch of Yulei Mountain extending to the Minjiang River. To build the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, Li Bing and his son made a field survey of the terrain and water conditions and decided to cut through Yulei Mountain to divert water, which could not only reduce the flow of the outer river so that the river would no longer flood, but also divert water into the dry areas for farmland irrigation. As an artificially chiseled “throat” to control the incoming water of the river, the canal is named “Baopingkou” due to its shape and unique function. Dujiangyan Canal Headwork is mainly composed of Yuzui, Feishayan and Baopingkou. Baopingkou functions as a “controlling gate”, which can automatically control the amount of water entering the river. The hill on the right side of Baopingkou, the stretching branch of Yulei Mountain, is called “Lidui” Hill because it is separated from Yulei Mountain. Looking up at Yulei Mountain from “Lidui” Hill, we can find Douxi Pavilion standing there. Erwang Temple, built by Minjiang River and against the mountain, is reachable via Yulei Gate, with a gorgeous sight. Its entrance is engraved with the secret of water control. On the wall of the temple gate is drawn the Map of Dujiangyan Irrigation Area, which depicts the interlocked fan-shaped irrigation network formed in Dujiangyan Irrigation Area from the canal headwork more than 2,000 years ago to the eight irrigation areas, showing the wisdom of water conservancy to tunnel through mountains to divert water, and conform to nature, as well as the magnificence of ingenious works and famous scenic spots.

Dujiangyan Irrigation Project has turned natural disasters into ecological benefits. In addition to having shaped the landscape of the Chengdu Plain with vast expanse of fertile land and continuous fields, it has also vividly illustrated the vital function of the traditional wisdom in coordinating the human society development as well as the ecological protection and restoration, which is to “guide and act according to the situation”, being a model for shaping a harmonious relationship between man and nature through moderate and lasting human intervention. “Lidui” Hill, created by digging through the mountain, also embodies the strategy of creating “artificial beauty into the natural, so it can be marvelous”, and becomes one of the ten scenic spots in Guanyang, known as “Lidui Hill Guarding the Gorge”.

What extent has ecological restoration of territorial space reached? How can the broken ecosystem be restored to reshape its function of being responsive to nature, conducive to sustainable habitat, and maintaining resilience and security? The ecosystem is always adapting to the changing environments and remains in a dynamic and stable state. For example, fire is actually part of the cyclical regulation of the ecosystem, and global climate change is causing changes in biomes. We need to stick to an open-minded attitude and understand ecological restoration in a dynamic way of thinking. Any restoration project should be adapted as much as possible to the environmental conditions that are currently changing, but not necessarily restored to its “original” state, even if the “wilds” John Muir saw when he reached Yosemite Valley has actually been managed for many centuries by the region’s indigenous people. They took food, performed ceremonies, and responded to natural disasters such as fires in adaptive native ways to ensure the safety of human habitation.

Landscape architects are provided with a body of knowledge and expertise in coordinating the relationship between the artificial and the natural and represent an ecological restoration colony making nature and humanity more integrated. Their research areas range from closed-to-natural landscapes with historical and ecological authenticity to the artificially intervened landscapes that require extensive management and maintenance. Such landscape architects provide a more comprehensive vision for the creation of sustainable, productive and human-beneficial ecological environments, and can act as coordinator in multi-scale and multidisciplinary ecological restoration projects. The landscape architect’s primary task is to “read and translate”, i.e., to process and interpret the landscape and ecosystems presented in the territorial space, while continuously deepening the understanding of local knowledge and traditional ecological wisdom. In the face of global ecological problems such as degradation of natural ecosystems, loss of biodiversity, and land desertification, the path of future ecological protection and restoration should be thought deeply, designed and pursued from the perspective of a community of life between human beings and nature, which is required in ecological restoration of territorial space. The traditional ecological wisdom of “man in harmony with nature” should be innovatively developed and sublimated, and Nature-based Solutions should be used to delicately intervene in the ecological restoration of countryside, outskirt, and even larger areas of territorial space, in order to reconstruct a balanced relationship of mutual adaptation and harmonious coexistence between man and nature, and to achieve the effect of “nature could present itself well without bothering artificial work”.

主编：郑曦教授

Editor-in-Chief: Professor ZHENG Xi

2021年11月25日

November 25, 2021

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